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Jang Yeong-sil
Jang Yeong-sil was a Korean scientist and astronomer during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897). Although Jang was born as a peasant, King Sejong's (r. 1418–1450) new policy of breaking class barriers placed on the national civil service allowed Jang to work at the royal palace. Jang's inventions, such as the Cheugugi (the rain gauge) and the water gauge, highlight the technological advancements of the Joseon Dynasty.
==Early years==
Jang Yeong-sil's birth is recorded only in the genealogy of the Jang family〔"The genealogy of A-san Jang-si", book 1, pp.4, 1872, (牙山蔣氏世譜卷之一黃)〕〔Jonghwa Ahn, Kook-Jo-In-Mool-Ji, 1909, 國朝人物志 v.1, A biographical dictionary of Korea〕 and in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty.〔The article of 16 SEP 1433, Chosun Wangjo Sillok, King Sejong〕 According to these records, his father, Jang Seong-hwi, was the 8th generation of the Jang family.〔Dae-Dong-Woon-Boo-Goon-Ok, 1587, 大東韻府群玉〕 Jang Seong-hwi was the 3rd of 5 brothers and all of the brothers previously were ministers of Goryeo. There are many historical records〔Moon-Ik-Gong Sillok, 1738〕 about his elder brother, Jang Seong-bal, who was born in 1344 and his grave located at Ui-seong in the province of Gyeongbuk. The Annals state that his mother was a gwangi (gisaeng), thereby their (Yeong-sil's and their mother) social status was a gwanno,〔p. 17 Baek Seokgi. (1987). Woongjin Wi-in Jeon-gi #11 ''Jang Yeong-sil''. Woongjin Publishing.〕 (a servant in civil service district courts). Yeong-sil's talent was so excellent that he was sent to the royal court. From above, we may infer that Yeong-sil was born in a family of high official status but when General Yi Song-gye unleashed a coup d'état, which gave rise to the Joseon Dynasty, Jang Seong-hwi became a political prisoner and Yeong-sil and his mother became gwannos.
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